Incretins or Anti-Incretins? A New Model for the “Entero-Pancreatic Axis”

Do incretins improve endothelial function?

An impaired endothelial function has been recognized in the early stage of atherosclerosis, and is a major factor affecting the future development of cardiovascular events. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is widely prevalent, and is one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular disease. T2DM is associated with increases in both morbidity and mortality, particularly from cardiovascul...

The pathophysiologic role of incretins.

Many patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are unable to achieve adequate glycemic control. Of the approximately 19 million individuals with T2DM in the United States, only about a third achieve the hemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)0 goal set forth by the American Diabetes Association (HbA(1c) <7% [6% if it can be achieved safely]). The incretin mimetics are a new class of medications available...

Therapy in the Early Stage: Incretins

The complex pathological mechanisms responsible for development of type 2 diabetes are not fully addressed by conventional drugs, which are also associated with inconvenient side effects such as weight gain or hypoglycemia. Two types of incretin-based therapies are now in use: incretin mimetics (glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1] receptor agonists that bind specific receptors and mimic the action ...

Studies on Incretins and Cardiovascular Function

iology of Incretins: GLP-1 and GIP

his review focuses on the mechanisms regulating he synthesis, secretion, biological actions, and herapeutic relevance of the incretin peptides gluose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) nd glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). The pubished literature was reviewed, with emphasis on ecent advances in our understanding of the biolgy of GIP and GLP-1. GIP and GLP-1 are both ecreted within minutes...